TNF and prediabetes syndrome: In this study, we extend the analysis of the role of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in prediabetes and newly diagnosed T2DM based on a larger sample of cross-sectional study design, by measuring the levels of several proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IgE, hs-CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, and tryptase) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-4, IL-10, and forkhead/winged helix transcription factor 3+ (Foxp3+)) in prediabetes and T2DM, and correlate them with other laboratory and clinical biochemical indicators.