TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: Our data showed that mean levels of TNF-α or IL-6 in PDG or T2DMG subjects were higher but insignificant compared with NGG subjects (Tables 1 and 5), which could be explained by the differences of some incompletely measured residual confounding factors or inflammation-related diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or osteoarthritis (OA)) or allergies in the studied groups.