Additionally, key pathway markers such as EGFR, E-Cadherin, p53, Apaf-1, 14-3-3δ, Xiap, p21WAF−1 and others could be placed in a microarray assay and render a probability (risk assessment) of having carcinoma of the breast rather than a “yes or no” response which is subject to many false positive and negative assessments. The gene discussed is XIAP; the disease is breast carcinoma.