In response to parasitic infection or allergen administration, epithelial cell damage results in release of damage-associated molecular patterns, such as ATP, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), uric acid, and S100, as well as proallergic alarmin cytokines, such as IL-33, IL-25, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, together with more generally inflammatory cytokines, such as GM-CSF and IL-1α.147. This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and parasitic infectious disease.