This increased the expression of IL-1R1 in the PSCs and reduced the inhibitory effects exerted by the IL-1α positive cancer cell lines PC013 and BxPC-3 [21] (Fig. 5a-b), while the expression of IL-1R1 in PSCs co-cultured with the PDAC cell line CAPAN2, which is IL-1 negative [41], was not affected by the presence of IL-1RA (Fig. 5c). Here, IL1R1 is linked to cancer.