Specifically, brain mapping analysis of Fos expression is useful to identify brain regions related to disease conditions (e.g., epilepsy, emotional disorders and cognitive impairments) or responses to various pathophysiological and pharmacological stimuli (e.g., pain, body temperature, stress, and drug treatments; Morgan and Curran, 1989; Herrera and Robertson, 1996; Ohno et al., 2009b, 2011, 2012a, 2015; Mukai et al., 2013; Fumoto et al., 2014; Iha et al., 2016). Here, FOS is linked to epilepsy.