Furthermore, there is the cross-reactivity and neutralization of P. brasilianum sporozoite infectivity of monkeys and vice versa by monoclonal antibodies against the P. malariae circumsporozoite protein (CSP) [19], as well as evidence of in vitro and naturally-acquired infection in humans with parasites termed as being P. brasilianum [19]. This evidence concerns the gene DNAJC5 and infection.