VEGFA and neurodegenerative disease: Interestingly, intensive research in the last decade has shown that VEGF-A has direct effects on neurons and axons and functions as a neurotrophic factor that promotes neuron survival and neurogenesis in various neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, spinocerebellar ataxia, and stroke [11, 19, 20].