TNF and infection: We screened 18 additional serum cytokines in addition to IL-6 and MCP-1 (Fig 3) in mice following Ang71 infection and found that numerous cytokines with adaptive immunomodulatory roles were elevated including: proinflammatory and effector cytokines IFNγ and TNFα [39,40], IL-12—a proinflammatory T cell and IFNγ stimulating protein [41], IL-2 –a T cell growth factor [42], and the B-cell differentiation and growth factor IL-5[43].