Although the podocyte main slit diaphragm proteins (Kestila et al., 1998; Tryggvason, 1999; Boute et al., 2000; Luimula et al., 2000; Agrawal et al., 2013), nephrin and podocin, were similar between sham and vehicle-treated HF rats, they were upregulated by DPPIV inhibition in the renal cortex of rats with established HF (Figures 9C,D). Here, DPP4 is linked to hydrops fetalis.