NFKB1 and cancer: Of note, nuclear-initiated NF-κB signaling plays a key role in cellular responses to intrinsic DNA damage, especially damage that occurs during rapid DNA replication and proliferation in cancer cells (Hayakawa et al., 2009; Horst et al., 2009; Kim et al., 2010; Koh et al., 2011; Kojima et al., 2004; Onizawa et al., 2009; Pouyet et al., 2010; Shaked et al., 2012; Stark et al., 2007; Wan et al., 2011; Williams et al., 2008).