SMO and meningioma: These genes are the pro-apoptotic E3 ubiquitin ligase TNF receptor-associated factor 7 (TRAF7), the pluripotency transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), the proto-oncogene v-Akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (AKT1), the Hedgehog pathway signaling member smoothened (SMO), and the oncogene PIK3CA. Notably, mutations of these genes in meningiomas occur to large degree without concurrent alteration of NF2 or loss of chromosome 22.