HMGB1 and cancer: In contrast, the research group of Holdenrieder reported somewhat lower HMGB1 levels in different populations of cancer patients: benign breast cancer (1.7 ng/mL), advanced pancreatic cancer (2.0 ng/mL), advanced stage of hepatocellular carcinoma (1.7 ng/mL), and advanced stage of hepatocellular carcinoma (1.7 ng/mL) 25, 26, 27.