Microarray and RPPA analyses of tumors from high VD or VD-deficient food fed mice showed that expression patterns of tumor suppressors such as programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), p21, p27 and p53, oncogenic proteins such as Akt, c-Myc, mTor, Stat5A, Bcl-XL, PEA15, and genes related to VD metabolism, such as Cyp2d26, were significantly altered in the Smad3+/−/VD deficient group. Here, SMAD3 is linked to neoplasm.