TLR3 and infection: Strikingly, transfection of TLR3-siRNA and MDA5 shRNA significantly disrupted the expression of both TLR3 and MDA5, associated with lower mRNA levels of IFN-β, IL-28A/B, IL-29 after ATMUV infection than those observed in cells silencing MDA5 only (Figures 5D and E).