RAF1 and melanoma: Since EGFR, IGF-1R and CRAF have been known to be the key components of RTK-RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK (MAPK) and/or PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, we further determined if single or combined inhibition of EGFR, IGF-1R and CRAF could suppress the activation of MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling in VemR melanoma cells.