Furthermore, inactivation of Vap-type TA type II systems (VapBC-1 and VapXD TA loci) reduced virulence for non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) in a chinchilla model of otitis media [48], and as already discussed, inactivation of YoeB/YefM, Hha/TomB and PasT/PasI type II TA systems proved important for uropathogenic E. coli infections of the bladder and kidney in murine models [50]. This evidence concerns the gene ANOS1 and otitis media.