Stephenson et al., in a multi-institutional study, demonstrated that a higher PSA prior to surgical treatment leads to a higher risk of cancer-related death at 10 years, with the risk of death from prostate cancer doubling if the pretreatment PSA increases from <4 ng/mL to 10.1–20 ng/mL (5). This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and Familial prostate cancer.