Overall we could observe a tendency for reduced levels of IFN-γ, TNF, IL-6, and IL-10 in the serum of co-infected groups, when compared to P. yoelii 17XNL single infected group, suggesting a modulation of P. yoelii 17XNL induced immune response by Leishmania co-infection. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is coinfection.