When considering inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling as a therapeutic, one must be cautious of the fact that TGF-β1 is a potent regulator of autoimmunity (Letterio and Roberts, 1998) and global inhibition of TGF-β1 receptor signaling could result in the development of profound immune activation and systemic autoimmunity. Here, TGFB1 is linked to Autoimmunity.