The pre-therapy serum levels of ApoA-I (1.22 ± 0.22 mg/dL), HDL-C (1.22 ± 0.32 mg/dL), and TC (4.98 ± 0.95 mg/dL) in ESCC patients were significantly lower than those in the age and sex matched normal controls (ApoA-I: 1.58 ± 0.24 mg/dL; HDL-C: 1.43 ± 0.33 mg/dL; TC: 5.61 ± 1.07 mg/dL), and the level of Apo-B (1.02 ± 0.25 mg/dL) in ESCC patients was higher than that in healthy controls (0.97 ± 0.25 mg/dL). This evidence concerns the gene APOB and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.