In line with our expectations, patients with NAFLD had significantly lower IgM titers than controls against MDA-LDL (4.755 versus 4.819 log10 RLU/100 ms, p = 0.0019; Fig. 1c, Additional file 4: Table S2), MAA-LDL (4.801 versus 4.868 log10 RLU/100 ms, p = 0.0026; Fig. 1d, Additional file 4: Table S2), P1 (3.877 versus 4.08 log10 RLU/100 ms, p < 0.0001; Fig. 1e, Additional file 4: Table S2), CuOx-LDL (4.46 versus 4.612 log10 RLU/100 ms, p = 0.0004; Fig. 1f, Additional file 4: Table S2), and PC-BSA (4.255 versus 4.383 log10 RLU/100 ms, p = 0.0096; Fig. 1g, Additional file 4: Table S2). Here, CD40LG is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.