In healthy tissues, Fn14 expression is usually low or undetectable, although it is rapidly and highly upregulated under pathological conditions, such as myocardial infarction,52 restenosis after balloon injury53 or atherosclerosis.14 In cells from injured vascular walls,14, 53, 54 Fn14 is upregulated by cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL1-β and IFN-γ. Here, TNF is linked to atherosclerosis.