TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Several cytokines and chemokines have an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD, and modulation of specific cytokines is a current clinical therapeutic strategy (e.g., neutralizing antibodies to TNFα).30 Considering that different colonic segments can display different colitis intensities according to our previous data, we homogenized in tissue protein extraction buffers and screened 23 cytokines/chemokines from the distal colon segments at different time points following DSS treatment.