IL-1 cytokines and TNFα are classically produced by macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs) via TLR sensing of the commensal microbiota.37 TNFα neutralization, but not IL-1 neutralization, was already shown to be effective in DSS-induced colitis by favoring mucosal healing.38 In addition, IL-1 and TNFα were also demonstrated to be associated with colorectal tumorigenesis by contributing to tissue inflammation-induced oncogenesis.39, 40 This evidence corroborates our findings of enhanced colitis and inflammation-induced tumorigenesis outcomes in GrzM-deficient mice subjected to DSS challenge. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is colitis.