FGFR3 and urinary bladder carcinoma: For instance, the gain-of function mutation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene is highly prevalent in bladder cancer (BC), and the mutant FGFR3 promotes in BC development by over-stimulating the RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositide-3 kinase-AKT pathways [77,78,81].