VANGL2 and cholesteryl ester measurement: Biochemical studies have shown that Vangl2 and Fzd4 form a receptor complex that strongly activates Jnk in vitro [110], and in zebrafish knockdown of fzd7a/b results in CE phenotypes largely overlapping with loss of mcc, wnt5a, ror2, scrib1, vangl2 as well as ptk7 [67,104,111,112].