We next compared colonic secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines upon infection with either A. butzleri, E. coli or C. jejuni. Colonic IFN-γ, TNF, IL-6, and MCP-1 concentrations increased until day 6 following C. jejuni infection (p<0.05—p<0.001; Fig 6), whereas respective cytokines were also higher in the colon of A. butzleri strain CCUG 30485 (p<0.05–0.001; Fig 6) and for MCP-1 also in C1 strain infected as compared to naive mice (p<0.05; Fig 6D). This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and infection.