Because LAP is activated when innate immune receptors such as Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) are activated during macrophage phagocytosis (28), and because TLR2 is one of the few innate immune receptors stimulated during C. burnetii infection (36), it remains possible that LAP could enhance CCV biogenesis during infection of macrophages. Here, TLR2 is linked to infection.