Besides implications for disease monitoring [16,31], such data may provide basis for the on-going research on novel adjunctive therapies (e.g. anti-HMGB1 monocloncal antibodies, HMGB1-binding small molecules, RAGE-binding molecules as competitive antagonists, PPARγ activation to attenuate HMGB1 production) to reduce excessive inflammation in TB disease [5,7,8,10,11,17,51],and next-generation TB vaccines with enhanced immunogenicity (e.g. HMGB1-adjuvanted TB subunit vaccine) [9,32]. This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and tuberculosis.