Irradiation significantly upregulated the mRNA expressions of FasL, TRAIL, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 in hepatoma cells, and downregulated the mRNA expressions of IGF-1 and PDGFB (Fig. 2a), but no obvious effects on the expressions of VEGFA, PDGFA, and IL-6. Here, VEGFA is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.