In addition to TGF-β1, elevated levels of Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and BMP-4 expression, two pro-osteogenic cytokines belonging to the TGF-β superfamily, have been observed in stenotic calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) leaflets. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and congenital bilateral aplasia of vas deferens from CFTR mutation.