TNF and chronic kidney disease: Several factors may be responsible of the chronic immune-inflammatory state and oxidative stress in CKD patients (Figure 1) and classical inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin- (IL-) 1, IL-6, and IL-10) [30–32] and new emerging biological elements such as pentraxin-3 (PTX3) [33, 34] and TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) seem involved and significantly correlated to the degree of the renal damage [35–37].