NFKB1 and diabetes mellitus: Inflammation, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling, is increasingly recognized as a significant contributing factor to diabetes mellitus (DM) and CVD,23,24 and several previous studies have found that metformin inhibits NF-κB signaling, including in vascular tissue25 and recently in hepatocytes.26 In the current study, we have used multiple approaches, including human studies, to define anti-inflammatory actions of metformin that may be separated from its antihyperglycemic action.