Abnormal intracellular Ca2+ handling was detected in vascular smooth muscle cells from Pkd1+/− and Pkd2+/− mouse aortas, renal collecting duct cells from Pkd1+/− mice and renal cyst cells from ADPKD patients24, 25, 27, 39, 40, 41. This evidence concerns the gene PKD2 and cystic kidney disease.