Recently, in a small group of patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), treatment with vitamin D increased IL10 gene expression but not TGF-β1 gene expression; this study also found a correlation between vitamin D and decreased disease activity, as measured by the EDSS (expanded disability status scale), but the sample size was small and the difference was only seen amongst patients with more severe disease [71]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.