AKT1 and melanoma: In melanoma, as well as gastric cancer and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the non-canonical WNT pathway is engaged, independent of β-catenin, to activate downstream effectors such as PKC, Akt and Jnk and promote metastasis (Webster and Weeraratna, 2013; Zhu et al., 2014) (Figure 2).