PML and lung cancer: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of autofluorescence for OSCC, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer and colorectal cancer and their PML, Fig. 2 and Supplementary Fig. S2 showed the forest plots of the pooled sensitivity and specificity of the corresponding 24, 25, 12, 9, and 19 studies; moreover, the forest plots of sensitivity and specificity on the use of autofluorescence alone or with algorithms for OSCC and OPMD were also depicted in Supplementary Fig. S3 and S4, respectively.