TYMP and invasive carcinoma: During mammary carcinogenesis, the expression of HIF‐1, a regulatory subunit of the hypoxia‐induced factor (HIF), increases proportionally to the progression from ductal hyperplastic lesion to ductal in situ carcinoma and invasive carcinoma 2, contextually to a growing expression of proangiogenic factors, including family members of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), fibroblast growth factors (FGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)‐B1, and thymidine phosphorylase (TP) 3.