Thus, the objectives of this study were to: 1) assess the current ovarian cycle status of Asian and African elephants in the AZA population; 2) determine the incidence of hyperprolactinemia and its relationship to ovarian acyclicity; 3) and conduct a multi-variable analysis to determine how housing, social and management factors are related to the chance that African female elephants will cycle and have normal prolactin. The gene discussed is PRL; the disease is hyperprolactinemia.