In HIV-1 infection T cell exhaustion is associated with the up-regulation of surface molecules called immune checkpoint receptors (ICRs) such as PD-1, Tim-3 and Lag-3 [12,17–20], which have also been associated with the size of the HIV reservoir and time to viral rebound after therapy cessation[21,22]. The gene discussed is HAVCR2; the disease is HIV-1 infection.