TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: The increased levels of Th1 cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, TNF-a), and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10,) reflecting the activation of both Th1 and Th2 T helper cell subsets, which is in agreement with previous studies showing that IL-12, IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-α were correlated with active SLE [45–48].