In conclusion, data from this unique RCT showed that moderate long-term CR without malnutrition decreases inflammation in non-obese, healthy adults, as demonstrated by reduced number of WBC, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in blood, as well as reduced circulating levels of CRP, leptin, TNF-α, and ICAM-1, with no significant adverse effect on key in vivo indicators of cell-mediated immunity. Here, TNF is linked to nutritional deficiency disease.