In addition, several studies have shown that, in SLE patients with LN, compared to HC or patients without nephritic involvement, CXCR3+ cells (mostly T cells) are increased in the kidney and urine, which is correlated with increased expression of renal CXCR3 ligands [26, 66, 67]. Here, CXCR3 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.