Consistent with the increased adrenal catecholamine contents in the adrenal glands in HF rats, the trans-synaptic induction caused significant increase in mRNA and protein expressions of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes such as TH, DβH, and PNMT in HF rats compared with sham-operated rats (Fig. 3A and B). This evidence concerns the gene TH and hydrops fetalis.