INS and chronic kidney disease: In model 3, regarding glomerulotubular damage-related parameters, such as age, sex, eGFR CKD-EPI, urinary ACR, serum cystatin C, GA, HbA1c, sulfonylurea use, and insulin use, 3 parameters of age (STD β = 0.30, P < 0.001), GA (STD β = 0.25, P < 0.001), and urinary ACR (STD β = 0.36, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with urinary NAG.