EPO and Stroke: In regards to FoxO1 or FoxO3a, inhibition or gene knockdown of these transcription factors leads to stroke reduction by estradiol [52], protects against microglial cell demise during oxidative stress [82] and β-amyloid (Aβ) exposure [83], promotes the protective effects of metabotropic glutamate receptors [65], increases neuronal cell survival through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursors [66], and provides trophic factor protection with erythropoietin (EPO) [37, 50, 70, 74] and neurotrophins [84–86].