A similar approach has been utilized in studying serum from patients with occult infections with O. volvulus. With expiring microfilariae infections, MIP-1 α and MIP-1β levels increased while after treatment with ivermectin, eotaxin and MCP-1 increased, which may have attracted effector monocytes and eosinophils to clear the microfilariae from the skin of the patients [76]. The gene discussed is CCL4; the disease is infection.