CCL2 and HIV infectious disease: Several promising candidate biomarkers associated with vascular disease have been identified (e.g., MCP-1, sCD14, cerebral vasoreactivity).e4,e5 Although some biomarkers, such as tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2, interleukin 6, and highly sensitive C-reactive protein, are elevated in HIV infection and predict non-AIDs complications, the association with vascular disease subtype remains largely uncertain.e6,e7 Such biomarkers could prove to be valuable in the future, especially in the context of HIV-associated vasculopathy.