Significant pairwise changes in gene expression were observed and a 50 gene signature identified comprised of genes associated with a number of cell growth, cell stress and cancer related signalling pathways, including ATF3, EGR1, FOS, FOSB and JUN, each of which have been previously implicated in prognostic discrimination and pathogenesis of breast cancer39, 40, 41, 42, 43 as well as other cancers44. Here, ATF3 is linked to cancer.