Furthermore, BPA-induced aromatase activation was reported by Kim et al. (2010) in rat testicular Leydig cells and by Nativelle-Serpentini et al. (2003) in human placenta JEG-3 cells following pre-incubation times ranging from 10 min to 6 hr, whereas Chen S et al. (2014) showed that BPA did not induce aromatase activation in human MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines, instead functioning as an estrogen receptor agonist. Here, ESR1 is linked to breast cancer.