INS and metabolic disease: Interestingly, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, CXCL2 (MIP-2), IL-18, IL-15, fasting glucose and insulin levels were significantly reduced in C57BL/6 mice upon immunization against ompK36, suggesting that eliciting a long lasting systemic immune response against antigens of GM microbes can confer significant protection on the murine WD-associated host dysmetabolism, similar to that observed in human metabolic diseases.